Percutaneous Ostium Secondum Atrial Septal Defect Device Closure in a Pregnant Patient with Transeosophageal Echocardiography Guidance under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia

Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs) are one of the most common acyanotic congenital heart lesions. We present a case report of a pregnant lady who successfully underwent Percutaneous Ostium Secondum ASD device closure employing total intravenous anaesthesia guided by Transoesophageal Echo (TEE). She was followed up after discharge every 2 weeks with echocardiogram to confirm the ASD device in position and no vegetations and shunt across the device and underwent a normal delivery at 33 weeks.

Cor triatriatum dexter y comunicación interauricular tipo seno venoso: Una asociación infrecuente / Cor triatriatum dexter and sinus venosus atrial septal defect: An infrequent association

RESUMEN El cor triatriatum es una malformación congénita poco frecuente, con una prevalecia de un 0,1% entre todas las anomalías congénitas cardíacas, donde el corazón queda dividido en tres atrios o aurículas. En el cor triatriatum dexter la aurícula derecha queda dividida, por una membrana fibromuscular, en dos partes, una proximal y otra distal, que se comunican o no entre sí. En la evolución natural de la enfemedad, los pacientes pueden permanecer asintomáticos hasta su diagnóstico o presentar manifectaciones cardiovasculares secundarias a insuficiencia cardíaca derecha y trastornos del ritmo. En el caso particular de aquellos que se encontraran sintomáticos, el tratamiento de elección sería la corrección quirúrgica del defecto y, en ocasiones, la rotura percutánea de la membrana; mientras que en los que se encuentran asintomáticos, el seguimiento y tratamiento oportuno de sus complicaciones parecería la alternativa más viable.

ABSTRACT Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital condition with a 0.1% prevalence among all cardiac congenital anomalies in which the heart is partitioned into three atria. In cor triatriatum dexter the right atrium is divided by a fibromuscular membrane into two parts, a proximal and a distal one, which may or may not communicate with each other. In the natural course of the condition, patients may remain asymptomatic until diagnosis or present with cardiovascular manifestations secondary to right heart failure and rhythm disorders. In the specific case of symptomatic patients, the treatment of choice would be surgical correction of the anomaly and sometimes percutaneous rupture of the membrane; while in asymptomatic patients, timely follow-up and treatment of their complications would seem to be the best alternatives.

Early to Mid-Term Follow-Up Outcomes of Percutaneous Closure of Atrial Septal Defects Using Recent Generation Devices: a Single-Center Experience

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe our early to mid-term experience with transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure using the Occlutech Figulla® Flex II device (FSO), Gore® Cardioform septal occluder (GSO), and Amplatzer® septal occluder (ASO) after they were first approved in Korea in 2014, and to compare the three aforementioned kinds of ASD closure devices. METHODS: Between September 2014 and August 2016, 267 patients underwent transcatheter ASD closure in our institution. Baseline characteristics, hemodynamic features, comorbidities, and procedural success and complication rates were analyzed retrospectively. The unpaired Student t-test or variance analysis was used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: The FSO was most commonly used (n=152, 56.9%), followed by the ASO (n=98, 36.7%) and GSO (n=17, 6.4%). Baseline characteristics and hemodynamic features were similar between the devices, except that the defect size and pulmonary flow-to-systemic flow ratio were lower in the GSO group than in the other groups. Overall, the procedural success rate remained at 100%, and major complication rate was < 1%. No late complication occurred during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The FSO and GSO are feasible, safe options for use in transcatheter ASD closure, and they are comparable to the ASO.

Individualized application of occluder in transcatheter closure of multi-fenestrated atrial septal defects / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To evaluate the impact of individualized occluder application on efficacy and complications of transcatheter closure treatment for multi-feneatrated atrial septal defects (mfASD).Methods Seventy six patients with mfASD who were hospitalized at Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital from July 2006 to July 2015 were retrospectively enrolled.Clinical and follow-up data were collected and analyzed.Results Among the 76 patients including 18 males and 58 females,transcatheter closure was successfully performed in 73 patients (96.1%).The morphological features of ASD included: 60 cases (78.9%) with two defects and 16 cases (21.1%) with cribriform defects, 3 cases (3.9%) combined with patent foramen ovale (PFO),13 cases (17.1%) with atrial septal aneurysm (ASA).Dual occluders were used for closure in 26 patients (35.6%),while single occluder was implanted in 47 patients (64.4%).In single-occluder group,measuring balloon was used to assist occlusion in 7 patients (14.9%).3 patients versus 11 patients required the small-waist-big-edge occluders in the dual-occluder group and the single-occluder group respectively (11.5% vs.23.4%, P=0.352).The complication rate in the dual-occluders group was higher than that in the single-occluder group (19.2% vs.4.3%, P=0.037),while the incidence of residual shunt showed no significant difference between these two groups (11.5% vs.10.6%, P=0.906).Conclusions The occluder for transcatheter closure of multiple atrial septal defects needs to be individually chosen according to the morphological characters.Transcatheter closure of mfASD using two devices is feasible,safe and effective for selected patients.

Delayed Left Atrial Perforation Associated with Erosion After Device Closure of an Atrial Septal Defect

A 43-year-old man who had had a history of atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure 31 months previously presented with abrupt chest and back pain along with progressive cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. After resuscitation, he was diagnosed with cardiac tamponade. Diagnostic and therapeutic surgical exploration revealed left atrium (LA) perforation due to LA roof erosion from a deficient aortic rim. Device removal, primary repair of the LA perforation site, and ASD patch closure were performed successfully. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient was discharged after 6 weeks of empirical antibiotic therapy without any other significant complications.

Clinical comparison of robotic minimally invasive surgery and transcatheter interventional occlusion for adult secundum atrial septal defect / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To assess the safety and efficiency of robotic minimally invasive surgery and transcatheter interventional occlusion for treatment of adult secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) by comparing the early and recent postoperative follow-up results of the two minimally invasive surgery. Methods Thirty adult patients with secundum ASD, who admitted to the General Hospital of PLA from Jan. 2008 to Dec. 2014 and received treatment of da Vinci Surgical System, were recruited as TEASD-R group, meanwhile, another 30 adult patients who received transcatheter interventional occlusion were recruited under the strict 1:1 criterion as TIASD-O group. The early postoperative complications, in-hospital conditions, recent postoperative follow-up results and the quality of life 30d and 6 months after operation were compared and retrospectively analyzed between the two groups. Results The success rates of surgery were 100% in the both groups, no early and recent postoperative complications (residual shunt, pericardial effusion, cerebral infarction, peripheral vascular embolism, new arrhythmia, etc.) were found in TEASD-R group. While some of corresponding complications existed in TISAD-O group, and the differences were of statistical significance (P<0.05) between the two groups in the incidence of postoperative new arrhythmia, tricuspid incompetence and pulmonary hypertension, as well as in the early size of right atrium and in-hospital time. SF-36 quality of life questionnaire showed that the difference of somatic pain 30d after operation was of statistical significance (P<0.05) between the two groups, but the difference disappeared 6 months after operation. Conclusion Robotic minimally invasive surgery for adult secundum ASD is feasible, safe and efficacious since no postoperative complications occurred such as tricuspid incompetence and pulmonary hypertension, but the longer operative and inhosptial time are the shortages of the operation.

Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of atrial septal defects.

Echocardiography provides a useful tool in the diagnosis of many congenital heart diseases, including atrial septal defects, and aids in further delineating treatment options. Although two-dimensional echocardiography has been the standard of care in this regard, technological advancements have made three-dimensional echocardiography possible, and the images obtained in this new imaging modality are able to accurately portray the morphology, location, dimensions, and dynamic changes of defects and many other heart structures during the cardiac cycle.

Application value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in diagnosis of structural heart disease / 军事医学

Objective To explore the application value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) in diagnosis of structural heart disease through a comparison with two dimensional echocardiography (2DE).Methods Ninety-two patients with heart disease were enrolled from October 2009 to February 2014 , all of whom were examined by RT-3DE.By cutting and spiraling structural 3D images of lesions in regions of interest , we made a diagnosis of lesions .In addition, the size of atrial(ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD),based on surgical results,was measured and analyzed.By comparing the coherence and difference of diagnosis on structural heart disease examined by 2DE and RT-3DE, the accuracy and superiority of RT-3DE were evaluated.Results (1)The 3D images of 92 patients with heart disease were successfully obtained by RT-3DE.The structure of lesions was displayed directly from various angles .In addition, the position, scope and degree of lesions and the spatial relationship of adjacent structures were accurately confirmed.RT-3DE provided more direct, accurate and abundant information than 2DE.(2)In the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, the diagnostic accordance rate of RT-3DE was the same as that of 2DE, but was slightly higher in the diagnosis of valvular disease and other lesions .( 3 ) Compared with 2DE, the ASD maximum diameters obtained from RT-3DE were more correlaed with surgical findings (r=0.94,0.86),so were the VSD maximum diameters (r=0.93, 0.84).Conclusion RT-3DE is easy to operate and quick to produce image ,which can provide more spatial information than 2DE in structural heart disease diagnosis , increase the accuracy rate of diagnosis , and serve as a supplement to 2DE.

Short, Intermediate and Long Term Follow up of Device Closure of Atrial Septal Defect (Secundum) Cases: Thirteen Years Experience with Special Reference to Complications.

Background: Device closure of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Secundum type is gaining popularity because of short learning curve, cosmetic benefits, reduced hospital stay, reduced working hour loss, reduced pain, less or no need for general anesthesia etc. In most centers this is the first choice of therapy comparing to surgical closure. The major concern recently is related to development of erosion and aortic regurgitation. Objective of our study is to review the outcome of our cases over last 13 years with special reference to complication in our series and review from literatures. Methods: One thousand and twenty patients with secundum ASD with indication for closure, age 8 months to (median 11 years) 68 years from December 2000 to December 2013 were included in the study. Patient were followed up after device closure at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 18 months and yearly thereafter with ECG, CXR, and Echocardiography. One hundred and seventy two cases were lost from follow up after first year. Results: Device was implanted on 1020 patient but tried on 1075 patient. Forty one cases postponed after balloon sizing and 12 for unstable position of device or mashrooming deformity of device. Immediate complications were ST changes (n=12), transient arrhythmia (n=4), residual shunt (n=7) etc. Immediate major complication was embolization of device (n=2). There was no late embolization, thromboembolic events, erosion, pericardial effusion, aortic regurgitation in follow up. Mean follow up time was 6.9 years (8 month to 13 years). Residual shunt was abolished in all patients other than those having another uncovered ASD (2 cases). Conclusion: Device closure of ASD is safe and effective in short, intermediate and long term follow up without any major late complication.

Atrial Septal Defect In A 50 Years Old Male Presenting As Oblique Septal Canal That Appeared to Be Regulated By Five Luminal Bands.

To date seven different types of atrial septal defects (ASD) have been described and they include septum primum, septum secundum, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus and patent foramen ovale types of ASD. One feature in common among these ASD’s is that they all present with a hole that may allow communication between the left and right atria. The current observation reports what appears to be a new type of ASD that is characterized by the presence of an oblique septal canal that opens into the right and left atria. The right atrial opening was D-shaped and measured about 0.9 cm wide and the left atrial opening was crescent-shaped and measuring about 0.5 cm wide. In addition to this the left atrial opening was associated with five luminal bands; the last three bands lies on the roof of the oblique septal canal. The action of pulling the first luminal band resulted into closure of the left atrial opening an indication that the bands prevented blood coming from the lungs from entering into the right atrium. The presence of oblique septal canal and luminal bands has not been reported in relation to the ASD’s. Continued documentation of such anomalies remains clinically important particularly in African settings where unexplained illnesses are easily attributed to endemic diseases.

Seis años de experiencia en el cierre percutáneo de defectos del tabique interauricular / Six years of experience in percutaneous closure of interatrial septal defects

Marco de referencia: los defectos del tabique interauricular son anormalidades congénitas del tabique interauricular que comprenden la comunicación interauricular y el foramen oval permeable. Objetivo: analizar y evaluar los resultados del cierre percutáneo con dispositivo percutáneo de pacientes con defectos del tabique interauricular en el Hospital Universitario Santa Fe de Bogotá desde la introducción de esta técnica en 2005 hasta 2011. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo ambispectivo. La población estuvo conformada por pacientes adultos, independiente de edad y género, a quienes se les realizó cierre percutáneo de cualquier defecto del septo interauricular desde la introducción de esta técnica en enero 1º. de 2005 hasta junio de 2011 en el servicio de hemodinamia del Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Resultados: durante el periodo se hicieron 53 procedimientos de corrección de defecto del tabique interauricular por vía percutánea, en los que se usó dispositivo Amplatzer en 94,3% de los casos. El 75% (27 pacientes) se trataron de manera ambulatoria, dándose de alta luego de cuatro horas de efectuado el procedimiento. El 29,8% fueron hombres y 70,2% mujeres, con edad promedio de 52,2 ± 15,1 años. 57,8% de los pacientes tuvo foramen oval permeable y de éstos 54,5% tenía aneurisma asociado; el porcentaje restante, 42%, fue intervenido por comunicación interauricular. Conclusiones: la experiencia en la Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá muestra un excelente resultado con muy baja tasa de complicaciones, mejorías clínicas en el seguimiento a largo plazo y gran seguridad, factores que permiten que este procedimiento se lleve a cabo de manera ambulatoria.

Context: atrial septal defects are congenital atrial septal abnormalities that comprise the interatrial communication (IAC) and the patent foramen ovale (PFO). Objective: to analyze and evaluate the results of percutaneous closure with device in patients with interatrial septal defects in the University Hospital Santa Fe de Bogotá since the introduction of this technique in 2005 to 2011. Materials and Methods: descriptive ambispective study. The population consisted of adult patients, regardless of age and gender, who underwent percutaneous closure of any atrial septal defect since the introduction of this technique in January 1st. 2005 to June 2011 in the service of hemodynamics of the University Hospital Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. Results: during this period, 53 procedures of percutaneous correction of the atrial septal defect were performed, using the Amplatzer device in 94.3% cases. 75% (27 patients) were treated on an outpatient basis, being discharged four hours after the performance of the procedure. 29.8% were men and 70.2% women with mean age 52.2 ± 15.1 years. 57.8% of patients had patent foramen ovale and of these, 54.5% had associated aneurysm. The remainder 42%, was operated for interatrial communication. Conclusions: the experience in the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota shows excellent results with a very low complication rate and clinical improvements in the long-term follow-up, factors that allow that this procedure can be performed on an outpatient basis.

A survey of the indications for early closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects and subsequent progress of children in whom this has been undertaken.

Objectives: Closure of isolated secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is generally recommended at the age of 4 to 5 years. However, there are children with isolated secundum ASDs in whom early closure is performed. The aim of this study is to describe the conditions that led to the decision for early closure and to determine whether these conditions were resolved by means of closure of the defect. Methods: The records of 16 patients who underwent surgical closure of isolated ASD before 24 month of life from 2001 to 2010 at Southampton University Hospital were scrutinised to collect data. Results: There were eight patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections and failure to thrive, three with only recurrent respiratory tract infection, two with evidence of high pulmonary pressures and one with heart failure. Two patients were asymptomatic but had large defects with significant right sided volume overloading. All patients survived surgery and most of them had an uneventful postoperative period. All patients showed clear improvement of their symptoms during the follow up period. Two patients continued to fail to thrive despite closure of ASD but both had other problems to account for the failure to thrive. Conclusion: All symptomatic patients with ostium secundum ASD improved following closure of the ASD before two years of age. Co-existing chromosomal or non cardiac anomalies can be associated with a continued tendency to a poor weight gain after ASD closure.

Análisis de microdeleciones en 22q11 en pacientes colombianos con cardiopatía congénita no sindrómica / Analysis of microdeletions in 22q11 in Colombian patients with congenital heart disease

Los defectos cardiacos conforman las malformaciones congénitas más frecuentes, con una incidencia que se ha estimado entre 4 y 12 por 1000 en recién nacidos vivos. Estos tienen una etiología multifactorial en la que convergen la predisposición genética y los factores ambientales. A partir de 1990 se ha relacionado este tipo de patologías con microdelección 22q11. Se determinó la frecuencia de la microdeleción 22q11 en pacientes con cardiopatía congénita no sindrómica. Se analizaron 61 pacientes con cardiopatía congénita, a partir de ADN de sangre periférica y posterior amplificación, mediante PCR multiplex del gen TUPLE1 y del STR D10S2198, visualización electroforesis en geles de agarosa y análisis densitométrico para determinar dosis génica. Se encontraron 3 pacientes con microdeleción 22q11, para una frecuencia de 4,9%. Esta microdeleción se asoció en dos de los casos a Tetralogía de Fallot y en el otro a Defecto Septal Atrial (DSA). En conclusión, la frecuencia de microdeleción 22q11 en la población analizada es de 4,9%. Dentro de los casos de Tetralogía de Fallot, la microdeleción estaba presente en el 7,4% y en los DSA corresponde al 11,1%.

Cardiac defects are the most frequent congenital malformations, with an incidence estimated between 4 and 12 per 1000 newborns. Their etiology is multifactorial and might be attributed to genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Since 1990 these types of pathologies have been associated with 22q11 microdeletion. In this study, the frequency of microdeletion 22q11 was determined in 61 patients with non-syndromic congenital heart disease. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and TUPLE1 and STR D10S2198 genes were amplified by multiplex PCR and visualized in agarose gels. Gene content was quantified by densitometry. Three patients were found with microdeletion 22q11, representing a 4.9% frequency. This microdeletion was associated with two cases of Tetralogy of Fallot and a third case with atrial septal defect (ASD). In conclusion, the frequency for microdeletion 22q11 in the population analyzed was 4.9%. The cases that presented Teratology of Fallot had a frequency for this microdeletion of 7.4% and for ASD of 11.1%.

Utilización del "balón con cuchillas" para ampliación de comunicación interauricular restrictiva en lactantes menores de 6 meses: resultados inmediatos y a mediano plazo / Blade Balloon Septostomy to Enlarge a Restrictive Atrial Septal Defect in Infants under 6 Months: Immediate and Medium-Term Outcomes

Los pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas complejas requieren con cierta frecuencia una comunicación interauricular no restrictiva para mantener una saturación de oxígeno arterial y un gasto cardíaco adecuados. En este trabajo se describen seis pacientes menores de 6 meses con cardiopatías congénitas cianóticas graves, en los cuales se realizó dilatación de una comunicación interauricular restrictiva utilizando un balón con cuchillas. Se presentan los resultados inmediatos y a mediano plazo. En todos los pacientes se logró un incremento importante y duradero del tamaño del defecto interauricular y una mejoría clínica sostenida posprocedimiento. Se resalta la utilización de la ecocardiografía intraprocedimiento para guiar y evaluar los resultados. Consideramos que, utilizada con cautela en casos seleccionados, la ampliación de una CIA restrictiva con balón con cuchillas en lactantes menores de 6 meses es una alternativa segura y eficaz, con resultados satisfactorios. La monitorización ecocardiográfica es muy importante para el éxito del procedimiento.

A nonrestrictive atrial septal defect is mandatory in order to maintain adequate arterial oxygen saturation and cardiac output in patients with complex congenital heart defects. We describe six patients under 6 months with severe cyanotic congenital heart defects in whom blade balloon septostomy was performed to enlarge a restrictive atrial septal defect. Immediate and medium-term outcomes are presented. The procedure was successful in all patients, producing a larger and long-lasting atrial septal defect and sustained clinical improvement. The use of intraprocedure echocardiography to guide and evaluate the results is highlighted. We consider that balloon septostomy is a safe and effective option to enlarge a restrictive ASD in carefully selected cases in infants less than 6 months old, with satisfactory outcomes. Echocardiography guidance is very important to warrant success of the procedure.

Uso del "balón con cuchillas" para la ampliación de una comunicación interauricular restrictiva / Blade Balloon Atrial Septostomy to Enlarge a Restrictive Atrial Septal Defect

La presencia de una comunicación interauricular no restrictiva es obligatoria para mantener un gasto cardíaco adecuado o para lograr una mezcla de sangre aceptable en algunos pacientes portadores de cardiopatías congénitas complejas. Describimos un paciente en quien luego de un intento fallido de dilatación estática con balón de una comunicación interauricular restrictiva se utilizó un balón con cuchillas con éxito para su ampliación.

A nonrestrictive atrial septal defect is mandatory in order to maintain an adequate cardiac output or to achieve an acceptable blood mixing in some patients with complex congenital heart defects. We successfully performed a blade balloon septostomy in a patient with a restrictive atrial septal defect who had previously undergone a failed static balloon dilation of the atrial septum.

Assessment of Atrial Septum Morphology by Live Three-dimensional Echocardiography / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To evaluate the morphology of atrial septum by the live three-dimensional echocardi- ography (L3DE) and its value of clinical application, L3DE was performed in 62 subjects to observe the morphological characteristics and dynamic change of the overall anatomic structure of atrial sep- tum. The study examined 49 patients with atrial septal defect (ASD), including 3 patients with atrial septal aneurysm, and 10 healthy subjects. ASD in the 35 patients was surgically confirmed. The maximal diameters of ASD were measured and the percentages of area change were calculated. The parameters derived from L3DE were compared with intraoperative measurements. The results showed that L3DE could directly and clearly display the morphological features of overall anatomic structure of normal atrial septum, repaired and artificially-occluded atrial septum, atrial septal aneu- rysm. The defect area in ASD patients changed significantly during cardiac cycle, which reached a maximum at end-systole and a minimum at end-diastole, with a mean change percentage of 46.6%,ranging from 14.8% to 73.4%. The sizes obtained from L3DE bore an excellent correlation with in-traoperative findings (r=0.90). It is concluded that L3DE can clearly display the overall morphologi- cal features and dynamic change of atrial septum and measure the size of ASD area accurately, which is important in the decision to choose therapeutic protocols.

Diagnostic Value of Color Doppler Flow Imaging in Subclinical Atrial Septal Defects / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the usefuluness of the color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) in subclinical atrial septal defects(ASD).Methods We reviewed 122 cases of subclinical ASD in adult which were first detected with CDFI.Results We found most of the patients were women and elder people,and no more special clinical symptoms and signs can be found.Color Doppler flow imaging had characteristic abnomallities making the dosis of ASD possible and easily with a high degree of accuracy in patients in whom the clinical presentation was atypical different magnitudes of left-to-right shunt were revealed in all these patients.Conclusion CDFI is a good noninvasive technique in the diagnosis of subclinical atrial septal defects.

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects by amplatzerTM septal occluder instead of open heart surgery.

Although surgical repair of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is a safe, widely accepted procedure with negligible mortality, it is associated with morbidity, discomfort and a thoracotomy scar. As an alternative to surgery, a variety of devices for transcatheter closure of ASD have been developed. Large delivery sheath, difficult implantation technique, inability to capture, and structural failure are some of the limitations of previous devices. Objective: This study reports our clinical experience with transcatheter closure of ASD using the AmplatzerTM Septal Occluder , a new occlusion device. Methods: Patients with ASD met established two-dimensional echocardiographic criteria for transcatheter closure. ASD size was measured by transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) and balloon occlusion catheter (stretched diameter). The AmplatzerTM ’s size was chosen to be equal to stretched dia-meter (+ 1 mm). The device was advanced transvenously into a guiding sheath and deployed under fluoroscopic and TEE guidance. Once its position was optimal, it was released. Right atrial atriogram and TEE were undertaken to demonstrate the residual shunt. Results: There were 5 patients with mean age of 9.6+8.4 years and mean weight of 24.7 + 14.9 kg. The mean ASD diameter measured by TEE was 16.1+ 2 mm and by stretched diameter was 18.5 + 3.5 mm. The mean device diameter was 19.2 + 4 mm (range 15 to 24 mm). Immediately after the deployment, a tiny residual shunt was observed at the core of the device in each case. However, at 24 hours only one patient who had a 24 mm device placed had a small (<2 mm) residual shunt. No complication was encountered during the procedure. Conclusion: The AmplatzerTM Septal Occluder is a prosthesis that can be easily deployed in patients with secundum ASD. The result of closure was excellent. This device could be used to close large ASD (particularly with diameter > 20 mm) safely in our patients.

Transvenous closure of secundum atrial septal defects with atrial Amplatzer septal ocluder / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective Our purpose was to report Initial clinical application experience and assess the immediate and short-term effect of transcatheter closure secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) using Amplatzer atrial septal ocluder.Methods Procedures were perfomed under fluoroscopy and transesophageal echocardiography monitoring. Nine patients (3 male, 6 female) underwent attempted transcatheter closure of a ASD using the Amplatzer atrial septal ocluder device with 10F, 11F or 12F long sheath at a mediant age of 33.0?5.2 years (range 8 to 52 years) and weighed 22 kg or more. Other congenital cardiac anomanies which require surgery were excluded. The mediant diameter of ASD at its narrowest segement were mensureted with the balloon catheters was 23.3?6.2 mm (ranger 11 to 30 mm). Systolic pressures of pulmonary arteries were 24.4?5.5 mm Hg (24-46 mm Hg) with catheterization mensuration. After the procedure, TEE were perfomed immediately to find whether there any residual shunt retained. Follow-up evaluation was color flow mapping at 24 h, 1, 3 and 6-months after closure. Results Nine patients had successful device placement. Transesophageal echocardiography showed that 8 patients had complete immediate closure and one had a small residual shunt after the operation, and could get up in the next day. The complication of cerebral throumbus embolism occurred in one woman patient during the procedure. She accepted immediately thrombolysis therapy with urokinase and recovered after several days. Conclusion Transcatheter closure of secondum ASD using Amplatzer atrial septal occluder device is an effctive nonsurgical therapy method. The operation has specialities of simple, safe with a high succes rate of placement and a fine occlusion effect. Further clinical trias are underway.